FOOT NOTES : CHAPTER 7

1 T. al-Ghayba, 256.
2 al-Tabarsi, al-Ihtijaj, II, 296-7.
3 Buzurg, Nawabigh al-Ruwat, 200. Saymara was the name of a town in the region of al-Jabal in Iran (Ibn Hawqal, op. cit., 158, 259), but it seems that the surname of the fourth safir is derived from the river al-Sammar in Basra, because most of his relatives lived there; Ithbat, 246-7; al-Subki, Tabaqat al-Shafi'iyya, III, 339.
4 Ithbat, 246-7.
5 Bihar, LI, 23.
6 Ithbat, 240.
7 al-Kafi, I, 524.
8 Kamal, 517.
9 t. al-Ghayba, 257-8; Bihar, LI, 362.
10 Yaqut, Mu'jam al-Buldan, I, 532.
11 Kamal, 516; T. al-Ghayba, 257; al-Tabarsi, al-Ihtijaj, II, 297; Sadr al-Din al-Sadr, op. cit., 179-80.
12 Kamal, 516.
13 T. al-Ghayba, 237-8.
14 Kamal, 516.
15 Ibid.
16 Kamal, 516.
17 Ibid.
18 N. al-Ghayba, 92.
19 al-Irshad, 399; Bihar, LIII, complete work.
20 Kamal, 516.
21 Rajowski, op. cit., 673-4.
22 al-Hasani, op. cit., 278.
23 for these traditions see al-'Asfari, op. cit., f. 1-2.
24 Kamal. 442-3; t. al-Ghayba. 231-2.
25 Ithbat. 247-8.
26 al-Kafi, I, 329-30.
27 Watt, The Majesty that is Islam, 170-1.
28 al-Kafi, I, 183, 35, al-Tusi, al-Amali, I, 124. Al-Kulayni devotes a complete section to the principle of wilaya. He records about 90 narrations containing an exegesis of Qur'anic verses concerning it, al-Kafi, I 412-38.
29 al-Kafi, I, 355, 339. For a full account of these traditions, see al-Saffar, Basa'ir al-Darajat, f. 23b; al-Mufid, Awa'il al-Maqalat, 8; al-Kafi, I, 177-8, 184.
30 al-Saffar, Basa'ir al-Darajat, f. 23b-24a.
31 Ikhtiyar, 464-5.
32 This can be noted in the tradition attributed to the ninth Imam, al-Jawad, who said, "If my son, 'Ali, died, a light from him will appear and when this light went off, another light will be concealed. I warn those who doubt what will happen
33 for all these traditions see al-'Asfari, op. cit., f. 1-2 (Appendix); Kamal, 349.
34 See chapter I, p. 20.
35 al-Tabarsi, al-Ihtijaj, II, 283. ." N. al-Ghayba, 99.
36 Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr, Bahth Hawla al-Mahdi, 69-70.
37 Bihar, LI, 377-78.
38 T. al-Ghayba, 270.
39 Incidents recorded by Ibn Taghri Bardi indicate that the adherents of al-shalmaghani continued their underground activities until the year 341/952, when the 'Abbasids discovered their cells. For a full account, see Nujum, III, 307-8.
40 The disciples of al-Sadiq who narrated these traditions on his authority were Ishaq b. 'Ammar al-Sayrafi, Ibrahim b. 'Amr al-Kannasi, Hisham b. Salim, al-Mufaddil b. 'Umar, Hazim b. Habib, Abu Basir and Muhammad . Muslim; N. al-Ghayba, 90-1.
41 N. al-Ghayba, 92.
42 Sachedina, op. cit., 125.
43 T. al-Ghayba, 110.
44 al-'Alawi, Fi Nusrat al-Waqifa, quoted in T. al-Ghayba. 44.
45 Q. Maqalat, 106.
46 N. Firaq, 97.
47 Buzurg, al-Dhari'a, XXI, 69.
48 Quoted in the T. al-Ghayba, 274.
49 al-Kafi, I, 340.
50 Kamal, 112.
51 N. al-Ghay
52 N. al-Ghayba, 80.
53 Ibid, 99; Ibn Qubba quoted in Kamal, 112.
54 Ibn al-Nadim, op. cit., 225.
55 Abu Sahl al-Nawbakhti, Kitab al-Tanbih, quoted in Kamal. 3.
56 Kamal, 3.
57 Quoted by al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar, al-Mughni, II, 176, 182-3.
58 Quoted in Kamal, 94-122, 126.
59 Ibn 'Abbad, Nusrat Madhhib al-Zaydiyya, 211.
60 Kamal, 2-3, 16. ba, 6.
61 Kamal, 2-3, 19.
62 There are two reports which support this point. First al-Saduq mentions that the Zaydites accused the Imamites of inventing the Prophetic traditions which indicate that his successors will be twelve Imams (Kamal, 67-8). The Zaydite al-Sahib b. 'Abbad (d. 381/991) held this claim against the Imamites (Ibn 'Abbad, Nusrat Madhahib al-Zaydiyya, 209-12). Also the Isma'ilis did so. Ivanow (ed.), Zahr al-Ma'ani, 51.
63 Sachedina, op. cit., 83.
64 Kutub al-Ziyarat are the books which give details of how to undertake pilgrimages to the shrines of the Imams.
65 Bihar, CII, 81.
66 Sachedina, op. cit., 86-7.
67 al-Kafi, I, 307, 536; Kamal, 263; al-Tabarsi, al-Ihtijaj, II, 249-50; Ithbat, 178-9.
68 al-Saduq, Man la Yahduruhu al-Faqih, II, 371; al-Tusi, al-Tahdhib, VI, 114; N. al-Ghayba, 45.
69 al-Saffar (d. 290), Basa'ir al-Darajat, f. 50a; al-Kafi, I, 243.
70 N. al-Ghayba, 122.
71 T. al-Ghayba, (Najaf, 1965), 296.
72 N. al-Ghayba. 125.
73 Ibid., 125.
74 al-Mufid, Awa'il al-Maqalat, 50.
75 Maqatil, 359.
76 al-Kafi, I, 19, 35, 338; Ithbat, 260.
77 Kamal, 256, 260, 280, 289, 333, 338, 342.
78 Ibid., 512, 513.
79 N. al-Ghayba, 91; T. al-Ghayba, 274-5; Ikhtiyar, 476.
80 Kamal, 81.
81 T. al-Ghayba, 215; Bihar, LII, 99.
82 The khums (the fifth) in Shi'ite law is an obligatory tax based on the following Qur'anic verse: "And know ye that whatever of a thing ye acquire, a fifth of it is for God, and for the Apostle, and for the Apostle's near relatives and the orphans and the needy and the penniless traveller" (al-Anfal, VIII, 41). The Imams collected the khums from their followrs and used the first three shares for the benefit of the congregation and the kindred of the Prophet, and the second three shares for distribution among the orphans, the needy, and the penniless traveller (wayfarer) of the Prophet's family; Asl'Asim b. Hamid al-Hannat, f. 22; al-Kafi, II, 626-8.
83 al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli, al-Mu'tabar fi sharh al-Mukhtasar (Qumm, 1318), 298; al-Jawami' al-fiqhiyya (Iran, 1276), 12, 76.
84 for details see Ibn Dawud, al-Rijal, 110; T. al-Fihrist, 268, 363; Ibn Qubba, quoted in Kamal, 120; al-Najashi, 315.
85 al-Sahib b. 'Abbad, op. cit., 211.
86 Ijtihad, in Sunni law means the pronouncing of independent judgements on legal or theological questions based on the interpretation and application of the four principles, the Qur'an, tradition, consensus, and reason ('Aql). According to the Imamites, Ijtihad is employing all one's power to arrive at speculative probability (zann) in a case or in a rule of divine law depending mainly on the Qur'an and traditions; al-Ghurayfi, al-Ijtihad wa-l-Fatwa (Beirut, 1978), 9.
87 For the role of al-Tusi in the formulation of Imamite ijtihad, see Mahmud Ramyar, Shaykh Tusi, Ph. D. thesis (Edinburgh, 1977),
88-92. 88 T. al-Ghayba, 270.
89 al-Khumayni, al-Hukuma al-Islamiyya, (Beirut, 1978), 48.
90 al-'Amili, al-Wasa'il, XVIII, 101; Bihar, LIII, 181; al-Khumayni, op. cit., 77.
91 al-Tabarsi, al-Ihtijaj, II, 263-4; al-'Amili, al-Wasa'il, XVIII, 94-5.
92 al-Tabarsi, al-Ihtijaj, II, 260.
93 al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli, al-Mu'tabar, 298.
94 al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli, al-Mu'tabar, 298.
95 al-Fusul al-Mukhtara, 261.