FOOT NOTES : CHAPTER 1

1 E.I., art. "al-Mahdi", 112.
2 Sachedina, op.cit., 6-7.
3 Ibn Hisham, Das Leben Muhammads (Wustenfeld, Gottingen, 1859), II, 1024.
4 Goldziher, al-'Aqida wa-l-Shari'a, tr. Muhammad Yusuf (Cairo. 1378/1959), 327-8, 376-8.
5 D. Sunan, IV, 201; Ibn Maja, Sunan, I, 16; Ibn A'them al-Kufi, Kitab al-Futuh (Hyderabad, 1972), V, 31, 34.
6 Tabari, II, 546, Ibn A'tham reports a letter attributed to the Kufans, sent to al-Husayn b. 'Ali encouraging him to rebel against the Umayyads, in which they used the title al-Mahdi for al-Husayn as an honorific adjective:

Ibn A'tham, op.cit., V. 47. 7 Rajkowski, op. cit., 166-
7. There is evidence which supports the claim that Ka'b narrated traditions attributed to the People of the Book which predict the rise of al-Mahdi. It is obvious from a line of poetry attributed to the poet Kutayr that those who applied this term to Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya were influenced by Ka'b. This can be noted in Kuthayyir's saying: Huwas al-Mahdi Akhbarnahu! Ka'bun Akhu al-Akhbar fi al-Huqab al-Khawali; al-Zubayri, Nasab Quraysh (Beirut, 1953), 41.
8 Kamal, 30-2.
9 Al-Nawbakhti thinks that Ibn al-Hanafiyya died in 81/703 (Firaq, 24), whereas al-Saduq puts his death in 84/703; Kamal, 36; Ikhtiyar, 126.
10 B. Firaq, 33-4.
11 N. Firaq, 25-6 Milal, 111-2; B. Firaq. 17, 27-8, 38.
12 N. Firaq, 29-30, 42-3. For a full account of the fact that the 'Abbasid propaganda was the outcome of a branch of the aysaniyya movement, see al-Ansari, Madhahib ibtada'atha al-Siyasa fi al-Islam (Beirut, 1973), 152-8, 199-214.
13 Kamal, 32-4; al-Zubayri, op. cit., 41-2.
14 N. Firaq, 54; 'Uyun, 155; Maqatil, 359; B. Firaq. 44.
15 Ibn Tawus, al-Iqbal, 53.
16 N. Firaq, 57; Kamal, 37.
17 al-Hasani, Sirat al-A'imma al-Ithna 'Ashar (Beirut, 1977), 370.
18 Kamal, 40.
19 al-Kafi, I, 341; Kamal, 325, 330; N. al-Ghayba, 75.
20 Ibn al-Furat, al-Tafsir, quoted by al-Majlisi in Bihar, LI, 50; Kamal, 351.
21 al-Kafi, VIII, 287.
22 Ibn Hawshab, Kitab al-Kashf (London, Cairo, Bombay, 1952), 6.
23 al-Kafi, VIII, 287. 24 al-Tusi, al-Tibyan, VIII, 114-6.
25 al-Tusi, al-Tibyan, VII, 250; Sadr al-Din al-Sadr, al-Mahdi, (Tehran, 1358), 11.
26 'Ali b. Ibrahim al-Qummi, Tafsir al-Qummi (Najaf, 1387), II, 68, 84, 84, 205-6; T. al-Ghayba, 120; al-Tusi, al-Tibyan, VIII, 404.
27 Ibn Maja, Sunan, II, 519; Abu Dawud, al-Sunan, II, 208.
28 al-Tirmidhi, IX, 74, 75; and the Cairo editions, IV, 505-6.
29 Ibn Maja, Sunan, II, 1368.
30 Kamal, 286-7. Al-Tirmidhi mentioned the same tradition on the authority of Ibn Mas'ud without any details concerning the occultation of the Mahdi. Al-Trimidhi, IV, 505-6; al-Darimi, Sunan, IV, 151.
31 Mizan, III, 160; Ibn Maja, Sunan, II, 1368; al-Musannad
32 al-Tha'labi, 'Ara'is al-Majalis, 363; al-Knji, op.cit., 327.
33 al-Haythami, al-Sawa'iq al-Muhriqa, 100.
34 Osman, Mahdism in Islam, Ph.D. Thesis (Edinburgh, 1976), 204.
35 Sulaym b. Qays al-Hilali, Kitab Sulaym b. Qays (Najaf, n.d.), 56, 159-62. Although this book has received some criticism with regard to its authenticity, a careful examination of its contents which show that if was regarded as a source by such writers as al-Kulayni in al-Kafi, al-Mas'udi in al-Tanbih wa-l-Ishraf and al-Nu'mani in Kitab al-Ghayba.
36 'Abd al-Muhsin al-'Abbad, 'Aqidat Ahl al-Sunna wa-l-Athar fi al-Mahdi al-Muntazar, al-Hadi (Qumm, 1971) I, part 1, 33-5; al-Tabsi, al-Shi'a wa-l-Raj'a (Najjaf, 1966), 36-54.
37 For the Umayyad and the 'Abbasid use of the epithet al-Mahdi so as to gain political success, see al-Ishfahani, al-Aghani, XVI, 88; al-Darimi, Sunan, IV, 152.
38 Watt, The Majesty that is Islam, 169-70.
39 al-Bukhari, al-Sahih (Cairo, 1355), IV, 175; M. Sahih, III, 190-3; al-Tirmidhi, IV, 501; Ibn Hanbal, al-Masnad (Cairo, 1313), V, 294.
40 al-Kharraz, Kifayat al-Athar, quoted by al-Galbaygani, Muntakhab al-Athar, 28.
41 Ibn Hanbal, al-Musnad, I, 398; al-Karajuki, al-Istibsar, 12.
42 Ibn Hanbal, al-Musnad, V, 86-90, 92-101, 106-8.
43 N. al-Ghayba, 48-9; Kamal, 270-3.
44 For the biography of 'Abbad and his Shi'ite sympathies see Ibn Hibban, al-Majruhin, II, 172; Mizan, II 379-80, IV, 149; al-Najashi, 225.
45 al-Hilli, al-Iaah, 176; al-Galbaygani, op. cit., 5.
46 Mizan, II, 379-80
47 Ibn Hibba, al-Majruhin, II, 172.
48 al-'Asfari, Asl Abu Sa'id al-'Asfari, Ms. F. 1-2
49 al-'Asfari, Asl Abu Sa'id al-'Asfari, f. 2. Al-Kulayni includes these traditions in his work al-Hujja., but, according to his transmission, the Prophet mentioned twelve Imams from his descendants and not eleven. Thus the number of the Imams along with 'Ali would be thirteen. Because al-Kulayni transmitted his narration on the authority of al-'Asfari, it appears that the latter's version is more accurate. al-Kafi, I, 533-4.
50 Ibn 'Uqda, Kitab al-Malahim, f. 74-5.
51 E.I., art. "al-Mahdi", 112.
52 N. al-Ghayba. 7, 48, 57-61, 31, 45; al-Saduq, Khisal, 436-45; 'Uyun, 323, al-Karajaki, al-Istibsar, Ms. F. 11-12; al-Kafi, I, 534; al-Tabsi al-Shi'a wa-l-Raf'a (Najaf, 1966), 129-30; Kamal, 279.
53 al-Barqi, Kitab al-Rijal, 4, 7, 8, 9.
54 Ibn al-Nadim, al-Fihrist, I, 535; N. al-Ghayba, 47.
55 al-Hilai, Kitab Sulaym b. Qays, 135-7.
56 Ibid., 109-10, 124-5, 165-6, 201, 204-6.
57 al-Hilali, op. cit. 94; Kaml, 285.
58 al-Hilali, op. cit. 95.
59 al-Mas'udi, al-Tanbih, 198.
60 al-Kafi, I, 529; N. al-Ghayba, 38, 46, 274-8; T. al-Ghayba, 99.
61 al-Tirmidhi, Iv, 505-6; al-Darimi, Sunan, IV, 151.
62 Kamal, 259-61.
63 Kamal, 280. Another narration has been narrated by the companion Jabir al-Ansari, which confirms that al-Mahdi would be from the progeny of 'Ali b. al-Husayn (al-Tusi, al-Amali II, 251), bnut al-Sahib b. 'Abbad doubts its authenticity; usrat, Madhahib al-Zaydiyya, 208-9.
64 al-Kafi, I, 531-3; al-Irshad, 393; Dala'il, 236-8, 249-51.
65 al-Hadrami, Asl Ja'far b. Muhammad b. Shurayh, Ms. F. 32b; for other similar traditions see al-Kafi, VIII, 167, 536; Ibn Tawus, al-Iqbal, 431.
66 al-Saffar, Basa'ir al-Darajat, f. 196, 49b; for similar traditions see al-Kafi, I, 243, 281, 338, 372, 411, 496, 536.
67 Kamal, 377. Al-Tusi reports another narrations attributed to the tenth Imam who stated explicitly that the twelfth Imam would be al-Mahdi (T. al-Ghabya. 92). However, it might be that such narrations were not common among the Imamites. When the traditionist al-Fadl b. Shadhan (d. 260/874), talks about the role of al-Qa'im al-Mahdi, he does not attach this epithet to the twelfth Imam; Ibn shadhan, al-Idah, 475-6.
68 al-Irshad, 411; see also al-San'ani, al-Musannaf, XI, 472.
69 See Chapter II.
70 N. al-Ghayba, 104, 107, 159; al-Hadrami, op. cit., f. 48a; al-Kafi, VIII, 264.
71 N. al-Ghayba. 106-7; al-Kafi, VII, 264, 310.
72 N. al-Ghayba, 94, 96.
73 al-Kafi, II, 223.
74 N. al-Ghayba, 158.
75 al-Kafi, I, 342; Kamal, 325.
76 T. al-Ghayba, 278.
77 al-Kafi, I, 368-9; Bihar, LII, 212.
78 Ibn Maja, Sunan, II, 1366; al-Kanji, op. cit., 314.
79 al-Kafi, VIII, 225; N. al-Ghayba, 106, 160; al-Tabsi quotes statement from Ibn A'tham attributed to 'Ali which states that the partisans of al-Mahdi will start their activities from al-Talqan in Khurasan; al-Shi'a wa-l-Raja, 141.
80 Kamal, 654.
81 N. al-Ghayba, 104 122, 123. Al-Saffar reports that al-Qa'im will apply Islamic law according to the books of 'Ali which he related directly from the Prophet; Basa'ir al-Darajat, f. 124.
82 al-Saffar, op. cit., f. 50; al-Kafi, I, 298.
83 N. al-Ghayba, 124, 125-6; al-Tabsi, op. cit, 218; 'Ali b. Tawus, al-Malahim wa-l-Fitan (Najaf, 1367), 53; Najm al-Din al-'Askari, al-Mahdi al-Maw'ud al-Muntazar (Beirut, 1977), II, 10.
84 Ibn Shadhan, Ithbat al-Raj'a, quoted by al-Tabsi, op. cit., 221; al-Kafi, VIII, 233; al-Saduq 'Ilal, II, 267; al-Majlisi includes in his work al-Bihar a book attributed to al-Mufaddil b. 'Umar which deals with the occurrence which will take place after the rise of al-Qa'im; Bihar, LIII, 1-38; Dal'il, 239, 260; N. al-Ghayba, 148.
85 al-Kafi, I, 465; al-Tusi, al-Amli, II, 33; al-Saduq, 'Ilal, 229; Ibn Tawus, al-Iqbal, 186.
86 N. al-Ghayba, (the second edition), 308, 319.
87 al-Himyari, op. cit., quoted by al-Galbagani, op. cit., 305.
88 al-Kafi, I, 407-8.
89 N. al-Ghayba. 103.
90 N. al-Ghayba, 105.
91 al-Kafi, I, 240, 281, 370-2. Di'bil the poet recited a line of poetry concerning the militant role of al-Qa'im in the presence of al-Rida; the latter confirmed this by saying that al-Qa'im would be from the progeny of al-Husayn. Di'bil, Diwan, 73, 76; Kamal, 327-4.
92 N. al-Ghayba, 134, 139-40; Kamal, 649; T. al-Ghayba, 286; al-Kafi, VIII, 225. 310.
93 N. al-Ghayba, 136; T. al-Ghayba, 286; Bihar, LII, 232.
94 n. al-Ghayba. 94.
95 For his biography, see Ibn Dawud, Kitab al-Rijal. 104.
96 N. al-Ghayba. 163-4.
97 N. al-Ghayba, 135, 138, 144-5; al-Kafi, VIII, 224-5.
98 N. al-Ghayba, 137; Bihar, LII, 232.
99 al-Hadrami, Kitab Ja'far b. Shurayh, f. 39.
100 al-Kafi, VIII, 209-210; al-Irshad, 404.
101 It is reported that the Prophet said, "The Mahdi is from my progeny. His name is similar to mine" (al-Tirmidhi, IV, 505). According to Abu Dawud, the Prophet also added, "And his father's name is similar to my father's name" (Abu Dawud, al-Sunan, IV, 106-7). According to the last phrase the name of al-Mahdi is Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah. Perhaps al-Mansur took this point into account when he called his son, "Muhammad al-Mahdi" (al-Bidaya, X, 89). For a full account see Osman, Op. cit., 266-9.
102 See Chapter II.
103 Ithbat, 205.
104 Ithbat, 205.
105 Ikhtiyar, 603, 607; al-Kafi, I, 501-2; T. al-Ghayba, 226-7.
106 Ithbat, 262.
107 Kamal, 46. For examples, see al-'Asfari, Asl Abu Sa'id al-'Asfari f, 1-2; Mian II, 379-80;
Bihar, L, 185; al-Kindi, op. cit., 229.
108 al-Kafi, I, 526-7, 338.
109 Ibn 'Uqda, Kitab al-Malahim, f. 72. According to al-Mufid only the Zaydities denied the death of Yahya b. 'Umar and held that he was al-Mahdi (al-Fusul al-'Ashar, 30). But incidents seem to indicate that there was a common belief among the Imamiyya and the Jarudiyya from the years 245-60 onwards that the twelfth Imam would be al-Qa'im al-Mahdi, but they were not pure about his identity, and whether or not he would be the son of al-'Askari.
110 Ibn Maja, al-Sunan, II, 1368.
111 Tabari, III, 1683.
112 Ibn 'Uqda, Kitab al-Malahim, f. 73.
113 Muruj, VII, 404.
114 Tabari, III, 1683-4; al-Kafi, I, 500.
115 T. al-Ghayba, 141, 226; al-Kafi, I, 508.
116 T. al-Ghayba, 98.
117 Kamal, 381; al-Kafi, I, 328, 332-3.
118 al-Kafi, I, 333.
119 Kamal, 325, 330; al-Kafi, I, 341.
120 T. al-Ghayba, 139-40.